[Bilimsel Haber] Anthropology, Archaeology and Heritage in the Balkans and , Anatolia

[Sule Tarakcioglu]

From: Ali Uzay Peker <peker at arch.metu.edu.tr>

Anthropology, Archaeology and Heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia
or The Life and Times of  F.W. Hasluck (1878-1920)

University of Wales, Gregynog, 6th-9th May 2006


Queries please to DShankland1 at yahoo.co.uk


SECTION ONE

Conference title: Anthropology, Archaeology and Heritage in the Balkans
and Anatolia: The Life and Times of F.W. Hasluck (1878-1920)

Location and dates: Gregynog, 6th-9th May 2006

Full address of conference venue: University of Wales Gregynog,
Tregynon, Newtown, Powys, SY16 3PW, Wales, UK. Tel: 0044 (0) 1686 650224.

Web-site of conference venue: www.wales.ac.uk/gregynog

Conference committee: Dr David Shankland (Anthropology and Archaeology;
Bristol), Mr Keith Hopwood (Classics: Lampeter) , Prof. Stephen Mitchell
(Classics: Exeter).



Summary aim: Following on from a successful first international
conference on this theme held in 2001, the aim of this second conference
is to examine connections between the cultures of the Balkans and
Anatolia, particularly interaction between the Christian and Islamic
societies in the region both in the past and today. Cross disciplinary
in scope, in part it follows themes suggested by  F. W. Hasluck
(1878-1920) in his posthumous work Christianity and Islam under the
Sultans (OUP: 1926), but also merges into entirely contemporary
preoccupations such as faith and belief, knowledge and power; the
relationship beween present and past in living societies; and the fate
of shared material culture in inter-communal breakdown. Whilst papers
may be purely empirical in scope, all participants are asked to engage
with these central ideas.



In general this occasional conference series remains inspired by the
life, times and place in scholarship of F.W. Hasluck, who was Assistant
Director/Librarian to the British School at Athens throughout much of
the two decades before the First World War. A prolific scholar, Hasluck
died young. Yet, he made fundamental contributions in a number of areas,
including anthropology, archaeology, religious studies, architecture of
the Balkans, and folklore, and did so in a far more sophisticated way
theoretically than is usually realised. We hope that these conferences
will help to restore his memory, and also provide topical subjects (such
as the interaction between Islam and Christianity, or the origins of
modern anthropological research) for discussion, becoming a further
impulse for research into heritage, archaeology, and nationalism in the
Balkans and Anatolia.



Conference opening and plenary address: The conference will begin after
tea at 4.15pm on Saturday 6th May. After opening remarks, a plenary
lecture will be given by Professor Klaus Kreiser (University of Bamberg)
entitled The Discovery of Anatolia.



Conference closure: The conference will be closed before lunch on
Tuesday, 9th May. Lunch will be provided, and transport to the station.



Preliminary conference time-table

(Sessions times may be changed nearer the day)







Papers by speaker, short-title and indicative subject



Europe and the Ottoman Empire



Mr David Barchard (TEPAV) Religion and conflict in Crete in the
nineteenth century: Dr Debbie Challis (National Portrait Gallery)
Charles Newton: The Keeper, the British Museum and the Ottoman Empire:
Dr Natalia Teteriatnikov (Dumbarton Oaks) The Russian Institute in
Constantinople and the Byzantine Institute of America, Professor Malcolm
Wagstaff (University of Southampton) Leake and the ethnic composition of
Macedonia.



The life and works of FW Hasluck and M Hardie (Hasluck) and their circle



Dr David Shankland Hasluck, Causality, and the Historical Record: five
years on. (Opening remarks);  Mr Keith Hopwood (University of Wales
Lampeter: Hasluck's Cyzicus in Contemporary Perspective. Dr David Gill
(University of Wales Swansea) Former students of the British School at
Athens and military intelligence in World War I. Professor Richard Clogg
(St Antony's College, Oxford) Institutes at War: Athens 1939-1945: Dr
Tijana Krstic (Northwestern University) Hasluck and Ottoman Politics of
Religious Synthesis in 15th-16th Century Rumeli; Mr Adrian Marsh and Ms
Elin Strand (Bilgi University, Istanbul) Margaret Hasluck and the
Gypsies - stout heart and sturdy footwear.



Nationalism, Culture and Ideologies in the Balkans and Anatolia



Professor Klaus Kreiser (University of Bamberg) The Discovery of
Anatolia: Dr Hans-Lukas Kieser (University of Basel); The Genevan
anthropologist Eugène Pittard and Mustafa Kemal's writing of history; Mr
Eisuke Tanaka (University of Cambridge) Turks and Trojans: Turkish
approaches to the Anatolian past, Dr Birgit Olsen (University of
Copenhagen) Folktales: the Cinderella of Greek Folklore?, Professor
Giovanni Salmeri (University of Pisa) Local historiography in a
cosmopolitan city: the case of Smyrna in the  last century of the
Ottoman Empire; Dr Dimitrios Theodossopoulos (University of Bristol) The
Greeks and Greco-Turkish cultural affinity: shared discontent with
Western Powers; Mr Valentino Dimitrovski, (Cultural Heritage Protection
Office Republic of Macedonia) Traditional Turkish Architecture and
Urbanism in Macedonia; Professor Gianclaudio Macchiarella ("Ca' Foscari"
University, Venice) Albania and the FYR of Macedonia: two recent laws
concerning the protection of cultural heritage in the Balkans. Mr
Slobodan Mitrovic (City University New York) Desecrated Monuments and
parallel Balkan realities.



Islam and Christianity in the Balkans and Anatolia


Professor Maurus Reinkowski (Freiburg University) Conversion or
Dissimulation? Crypto-Religious Groups in the Eastern Mediterranean; Dr
Emine Evered (Michigan State University) Education and The Eastern
Question:  The Case of Hüseyin Hilmi Paþa in the Ottoman Balkans: Dr
Süleyman Demirci (Erciyas University, Kayseri) Muslim and Non-Muslim
Relations in Ottoman Turkey, C. 1740-1900s. A Case Study from Kayseri,
Dr Matthew Elliot Turkish Constitutionalism, Press Censorship and
Political Satire under Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909): Dr Begümþen
Ergenekon (METU) Ottoman Legacies: Bulgaria, Greece, Syria and Hungary.



Alevi-Bektashis and Heterodox Movements


Dr Hande Birkalan Gedik (Yeditepe University) Women Aþýks (Minstrels),
Tradition, and Tactics; Dr Esra Danacýoðlu Tamur and Amed Gökçen (Yýldýz
Technical University) The Ezidis/Yezidis of Viranþehir; Ms Ayfer
Karakaya-Stump (Havard University) Links between the Alevi dede lineages
in Anatolia and Iranian Bektashi Monasteries; Professor Robert Gleave
(Exeter University) Perceived heterodox elements in Iranian ritual
today; Mr Rýza Yýldýrým (Bilkent University) Investigating the
socio-cultural background of Qizilbash 'Heresy' in the Ottoman Empire,
Ms Zeynep Yürekli (Harvard University) The Bektashi Network in the
Sixteenth Century through Legends and Shrines; Professor Harry Norris
(SOAS) Neglected corners of the changing Albanian culture, language and
identity, during the days of the travels and discoveries of the Haslucks
within the Balkans; Dr Aphrodite Kamara (Hellenic World Foundation)
Extreme religious behaviour in Asia Minor: survival and renewal; Ms
Elizabeta Koneska (Museum of Macedonia) The Bektaþi community today in
Kanatlarcý village, Macedonia; Dr Robert Langer (Heidelberg University)
The Transfer of the Alevi cem ritual from Anatolia to Istanbul;
"Bucharest(Bucaresti) and Kosovo (Kosova);



Pre-Ottoman transitions

(Includes special session on the Seljuk Divriði Complex)



Professor Suna Güven (METU) Bithynian Architecture and Society
Preconceptions and Perceptions: Professor Ömür Bakýrer (METU) Cultural
inspirations in Seljuk Design: Professor Ayþýl T. Yavuz (METU) Reused
Material in the Divriði Great Mosque and Hospital: Dr. Ece Erdoðmuþ
(METU) and Dr. Ali Ýhsan Ünay (METU) Vaults types in the Divriði
Complex: Dr Ali Uzay Peker (METU):  A Pearl in Custody: Long Forgotten
Symbolism in  the Great Mosque and Hospital at Divriði: Ms Federica A.
Broilo ("Ca' Foscari" University, Venice) Byzantine and Umayyad
influences on the mescits and þadýrvans in Ottoman karavansaray
courtyards. Dr Rustam Shukurov (Moscow State University) Things and
their Names: Oriental Borrowings in Byzantine Greek (12th-15th Centuries).



Shrines, Cultural Continuities and Transferences

Dr Kenan Bilici (Ankara University) "The Arab Evliyasi" Chapel in
Alanya: An Example of Cultural Metamorphosis: Dr Glenn Bowmen
(University of Kent) Shared shrines in the Balkans: new Evidence from
Western Macedonia: Dr Lloyd Ridgeon (University of Glasgow) Zurkhaneh:
the cultural tranformation of an Iranian institution, Dr David Shankland
(University of Bristol) Mounds and Souls: the integration of the
pre-historic past into a Sunni village landscape.



Round table:"RUINS"

Chaired by Dr Ana-Lucia D'Agata (Siena/Rome)



  SECTION TWO



Brief abstracts by surname



(Please note that these abstracts are for indicative purposes only. For
more information on any particular topic, please contact the respective
paper giver. Those who would like to circulate a more detailed abstract
beforehand are welcome. Please mail electronically in a word attachment
and we'll send out to all delegates. A few abstract remain to be
submitted. Corrections, alterations  and other material please to
DShankland1 at yahoo.co.uk.)



Professor Ömür Bakýrer (METU)

Cultural influences in Seljuk Architecture



This paper, which is based on material drawn from the Divriði Great
Mosque and Hospital Project, discusses wall graffiti. In these graffiti,
finely incised on single building blocks, a circle is used by itself or
as a repeat unit in a network of interlocked circles. The circumference
of each  circle is divided into six equal parts generating a sixfoil
rosette. Seljuk grafitti on monuments are rare, and therefore
potentially very valuable in terms of the contribution that they may
make toward our understanding of Seljuk design. These may be signs
charged with symbolic content, mason's marks,  or  working drawings
related to the architectural decoration program. For all these
possibilities, approaches and examples may be detected both in
architectures of both the ease and the west.



Dr Kenan Bilici

"The Arab Evliyasi" Chapel in Alanya: An Example of Cultural Metamorphosis



Alanya is an important medieval site in the southern shore of Turkey.
Among its monuments is an especially interesting little chapel building
in a bastion on the city wall from the Hellenistic period. There is no
historical data about the chapel. Probably, the building has been
repaired in various times and it is likely that is has been used as a
church by the Christian inhabitants of the city until the population
echange in 1922. Today, the little building is known as "Arab Evliyasi"
(The (Islamic) Arab Saint) and gives interesting evidence of a cultural
metamorphosis from Christianity to the Muslim traditions.



Ms Federica A. Broilo (University of Venice)
Byzantine and Umayyad influences on the mescits and þadýrvans in Ottoman
karavansaray courtyards


In this paper the style and the meaning of the Ottoman mescits and
þadýrvans within karavansaray courtyards are considered in relation to
the Byzantine phialè (and in particular those of the Mount Athos in
Greece) and the Umayyad  Bayt al-mal of the Great Syria. The Seljuks of
Anatolia used to build in the middle of the court of their karavanserays
a separate pavillion, one of the most remarkable example being the
Sultan Han near Kayseri, but this kind of structure has nothing in
common with the Ottoman. Both the Byzantine phialè and the Umayyad  Bayt
al-mal have probably affected the "kiosk" type mescits and þadýrvans
even though the reasons for the adoption of this architectural pattern
for the karavansarays' courtyards (such as the Koza Haný in Bursa, the
Rüstem Paþa Haný in Edirne, the Büyük Han in Lefköþe and the þadýrvans
of Dyarbaykýr and Niðde) seem to be not easily understandable at first
glance.



Dr Debbie Challis

Charles Newton: The Keeper, the British Museum and the Ottoman Empire



Charles Newton is most well known for his excavation of the Mausoleum of
Halicarnassus and related excavations in Cnidus in the late 1850s.
However, his presence in Asia Minor, and elsewhere in the Mediterranean,
extended far beyond his years as vice-consul and consul for the British
Empire. An important backer of other British and non-British excavations
in the area (for example Ephesus, Priene, Rhodes, Cyprus and Troy),
Newton ensured that the British Museum had a strong interest in Asia
Minor and materially benefited until the late 1870s.



Dr Süleyman Demirci

Muslim and Non-Muslim Relations in Ottoman Turkey, 1740-1900. A Case
Study from Kayseri



Many aspects of Ottoman society have been analysed in the context of
either nationalist movements or the "millet" system but little attention
has been paid to the  functioning of the Ottoman multicultural society
as seen from the judicial records. By examining the judicial records
(þer'iyye sicilleri) from Kayseri it will be possible for us to assess
how Ottoman judicial system dealth with certain problems in the Ottoman
sub-province of Kayseri  from the 1740s to the 1900s. The result of this
examination may help to revise a number of misconceptions regarding the
functioning of the Ottoman society and yield a certain insight into the
nature of the relationship between Muslim and non-Muslim in Ottoman Turkey.



Mr Valentino Dimitrovski (Cultural Heritage Protection Office, Republic
of Macedonia)

Traditional Turkish Architecture and Urbanism in Macedonia


Ottoman culture left a permanent trace in Macedonia through traditional
urban apartment buildings and the monumental religious and folk
monuments. It represents an authentic symbiosis between the eastern
Muslim architectural concept and the already present classic Byzantine
architectural forms. The urbanism of the Macedonian cities follows a
scheme of organic integration, while the architecture is a multitude of
variations of the Ottoman-Mediterranean type of urban houses, and well
established, important examples of public monumental structures. This
paper will illustrate some of the most visible contributions of
traditional Turkish architecture and urbanism in Macedonia, placing this
evidence in addition in the wider cultural context of  the Balkans











Dr Matthew Elliot

Turkish Constitutionalism, Press Censorship and Political Satire under
Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909)



This article examines the Ottoman use of press censorship with
particular reference to press laws, decrees, and administrative
measures. It does not attribute the sole responsibility for the
censorial impetus to Sultans Abdülaziz and Abdülhamid II but considers
the attitudes and behaviour of supposedly reform-minded Ottoman
officials, who were reluctant to suffer criticism in the press. In
addition the article uses satirical cartoons to show how Young Ottomans
and Young Turks in exile articulated their opposition to the domestic
rule and foreign policy of Abdülhamid and offers insights into how
contemporary events and issues were viewed by Ottoman subjects.



Dr. Ece Erdoðmuþ (METU) and Dr. Ali Ýhsan Ünay (METU)

Vaults types in the Divriði Complex


The vaults in the Divrigi complex display a variety of sophisticated
vault types within one building, which are remarkable examples of the
13th century mastership.  These vaults however, are not all in great
structural integrity, as we see cracks and extensive displacements. The
structural behavior of medieval unreinforced vaulted systems is not
clearly understood by structural engineers, because the material
properties are unknown and the vaulted systems are formed of complex
three-dimensional settings of arches and vaults. A recent method
developed by the first author, for accurately modeling and analyzing
vaulted shapes is suggested for creating validated finite element models
of this structure.



Dr Begümþen Ergenekon (METU)

Ottoman Legacies: Bulgaria, Greece, Syria and Hungary


The Ottoman Empire was the largest, and longed-lived, of the other three
empires to exist in the same geography: namely the Persian, the
Alexanders and the Roman. The Turks have played a leading role between
the 13th and the 20th centuries in uniting peoples around the Caspian,
the Black, the Agean, the Mediterranean, the Red Seas and as far as the
Indian Ocean. Through their state-building tradition, the Ottomans have
had considerable political, economic and cultural impact until only a
hundred years ago. Yet the down-fall of this empire gave birth to at
least 31 states in 2006.  Bulgaria, Greece, Syria and Hungary are four
of such legacies, where cultural continuty is clearly seen in shared
aspects of culture such as mosques and churches used as shrines of
various faiths or museums, food, Turkish names and language as well as
Turkish baths. This paper is highlights these aspects of culture through
field observations made between 1980 and 2006.



Dr Emine Evered (Michigan State University)

Education and The Eastern Question:  The Case of Hüseyin Hilmi Paþa in
the Ottoman Balkans



Towards the end of the nineteenth century, education of the Ottoman
Empire's citizens became  increasingly an endeavor subjected to the
politics of European competition.  British, Russian, French, American,
and Italian schools all competed with each other - and with the empire
itself in order to create cultural zones of influence among
co-religionists and possible converts living in the empire.  Put simply,
such projects were extensions of the Eastern Question into the realms of
education.  In response the Ottoman Empire employed alternative and less
direct means to mitigate such Western demands that it otherwise
perceived as harmful to its integrity and sovereignty.  The 1903
appointment of Hüseyin Hilmi Paþa, the subject of this paper, as
Inspector General of the Imperial Vilayets of Rumelia was a prime
illustration of these complex events.



Dr Hande Birkalan Gedik (Yeditepe University)

Women Aþýks (Minstrels), Tradition, and Tactics


One can find numerous studies on male aþýks (minstrels) by folklorists,
ethnographers and others. However, the notion of a female aþýk remains
an underexplored topic in spite of the fact that women aþýks have
created, contested, and communicated their poetry to a wide audience.
In the historical sense, one should remember the female aþýks-just to
name a few:  Emine Beyza Bacý (1850-1934), Banu Cevheriye Çankýrýlý
(1864-1914), Arife Bacý (1867-?) and Ayþe Çukurovalý, most of whom
belong to the Alevi-Bektaþi origin. The main focus of the paper is the
social position of the female aþýks, but it also considers other
discourses that come with the "package", such as religion and nationalism.



Dr David Gill

Former students of the British School at Athens and military
intelligence in World War I.



At least 15% of the students admitted to the British School at Athens
from its foundation in 1886 served in an intelligence capacity during
the First World War, many in the Mediterranean theatre of operations.
F.W. Hasluck, Margaret Hardie, and Alan J.B. Wace  worked as members of
the Athens intelligence team under Major Rhys Samson ('V') under the
cover of the committee for the relief of British refugees from Asia
Minor. Other former students included David Hogarth working in the Arab
Bureau in Cairo, Harry Pirie-Gordon of the Eastern Mediterranean Special
Intelligence Bureau (EMSIB) based in Thessaloniki, Stanley Casson on the
General Staff in Macedonia, and John C. Lawson on Crete. This
intelligence work was carried out against the political sensitivities of
Greece and the Middle East.



Professor Suna Güven

Bithynian architecture and society: perceptions and preconceptions


In the study of Roman architecture as a whole, broadly based approaches
are often difficult because of the quality and quantity of the material
evidence at hand. While the excavated and published sites tend to
dominate the master narratives in better-known areas, ancient
preconceptions and biases in antiquity itself are no less influential in
generating the construction of skewed panoramas seen from the eye of the
beholder. This paper seeks to highlight problems of intersection,
dissonance, the experience of fluid identities and multiple perceptions
between center and periphery in the Roman Empire by focusing on the
relatively less known material testimony of Bithynia from where some
striking revelations of perceptual asymmetry may be gleaned.



Dr Aphrodite Kamara

Extreme religious behaviour in Asia Minor: survival and renewal


This paper offers a historical approach with sociological overtones to
those religious practices which extend beyond the boundaries of devotion
toward self-mortification, self-mutilation or other forms of
extremities. From the mystical rites of Cybele to the rituals of the
Alevis and the strange cult of the Yezidis, Asia Minor has hosted
several religious sects and orders which reached beyond
institutionalized devotion. Such practices are often transcendental,
surviving throughout generations and cultures. The presentation aims at
shedding some light not only to the practices themselves but to the
social and psychological needs from which they emanate.



Dr Hans-Lukas Kieser

The Genevan anthropologist Eugène Pittard and Mustafa Kemal's writing of
history



When Mustafa Kemal turned to the cultural foundation of what had been
achieved by military, diplomatic and administrative means, he initiated
the endeavours leading to the Turkish History and the Turkish
Sun-Language Theses. It is known that the famous anthropologist Pittard
then had considerable influence on Atatürk, but few is known on the
personal and intellectual interactions of these two men. On the basis of
  Pittard's archives, this paper will focuss upon these aspects and show
  to what role the Genevan anthropologist had in the cultural and
symbolic reinforcement of Republican ideals in the 1930s.



Ms Elizabeta Koneska (Museum of Macedonia)

The Bektaþi community today in Kanatlarcý village, Macedonia


The village Kanatlarcý is located in the central part of Macedonia, near
the city of Prilep. It is settled by different ethnic communities and
religious groups. The largest is the Turkish Bektaþi community. The
tekke Dikmen Baba in Kanatlarci dates from the 16th century. The most
important date that the Bektasi community observes is the day of Aþure.
In the 16th century two factions evolved from the Bektaþi order - çelebi
and babai - who differed in the criterion for choosing their leader or
baba. According to the çelebi, the baba is to be chosen by succession -
evladi, while according to the babai he is to be chosen by his merits
and knowledge - erbabi. Since 2000 this problem has revived in
Kanatlarci. Disunited on the issue of choosing the baba, the Bektaþis
have split into two groups, into two tekkes, they have two locales for
prayers, two locales for observing the day of Aþure.



Professor Klaus Kreiser

The Discovery of Anatolia


The Turkish discovery of Anatolia began after the catastrophic result of
the Balkan Wars (1912/3). The new elite ceased to scorn their backyard
east of Bursa and considered it now as a treasure house partly
unexplored partly exploited by foreign companies.  Geographers,
archaeologist, and folklorists contested the foreign pre-eminence to
search and exploit minerals, archaeological sites and living sources.
The talk exemplifies this intellectual reconquista with the life of a
number of scholars working on Anatolian projects.



Dr Tijana Krstic (Northwestern University)

Hasluck and Ottoman Politics of Religious Synthesis in 15th-16th Century
Rumeli


During the 1990s, scholars working on the Ottoman Balkans became
increasingly fascinated with the concept of syncretism.  While this
development was probably a reaction to the nationalist discourses
striving to erase evidence of religious blending, it opened a path to
new questionable interpretations.  To start with, in recent
historiography "syncretism" is by rule coupled together with the terms
"heterodox" or "unorthodox," implying that only those not "fully" Muslim
or Christian reached out to the religious other. This kind of rhetoric,
emphasizing sharing and "Christianization" of Islam or vice versa,
reveals an unwillingness to deal with the historical reality of
religious difference. By taking a closer look at Hasluck's analysis of
the "ambiguous" shrines, which are often indiscriminately cited as the
example of syncretism, and a number of Ottoman hagiographies, this paper
will examine the nature of Ottoman syncretism in the Balkans in the 15th
and 16th centuries.



Dr Robert Langer (Heidelberg University)

The Transfer of the Alevi cem ritual from Anatolia to Istanbul


Before World War II, the Alevis of Turkey were a mainly rural community.
>From 1950 onwards, in the context of the urbanization and 
industrialization of the Turkish Republic, large parts of the rural
population of Anatolia migrated to urban centers mainly Ankara and
Istanbul. After a period of decline associations were founded, which
established cultural centers serving as places to conduct cem rituals,
consequently these buildings were from than on referred to as cemevis
('cem houses'). This paper examines the multiple affects of this
transformation from rural to urban cultures on the structure and content
of the cem ritual, and includes illustrations of recent cems held in
Istanbul.



Professor Gianclaudio Macchiarella ("Ca' Foscari" University, Venice)

Albania and the FYR of Macedonia: two recent laws concerning the
protection of cultural heritage in the Balkans



Since 2003 and 2004 respectively, the Republics of Albania and FYR of
Macedonia have new laws for the protection of their cultural heritage,
based on the principles and definitions stated by their Constitutional
Laws. The new laws have been the subject of animated debate in both
countries. At stake, of course, is the question of national identities:
what is to be identified (and protected) as the cultural heritage of
Albania (with its declared Muslim tradition conflicting with the reality
of an agnostic intelligentsia) or Slavic Macedonia (with its predominant
Christian Orthodox population and the thorn of a not so quiescent Muslim
minority). When dealing with the principles of protection of such
multifaceted cultural heritages, to what degree are ethnic and patriotic
sentiments involved? How deeply have these discussions influenced the
democracy process in both countries? To what extent have their higher
education programs and curricula been affected by the cultural heritage
debate? These are a few questions the paper will try to answer with
reference to the direct experience made on location by the author as a
UNESCO consultant.



Mr Adrian Marsh and Ms Elin Strand (Bilgi University, Istanbul)

Margaret Hasluck and the Gypsies - stout heart and sturdy footwear



Margaret Hasluck's work with Gypsies in Albania, and contributions to
the Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society are of especial interest to those
in Romani Studies as she used Ottoman documents (translated by her
Albanian 'associate', who eventually disappeared in mysterious
circumstances), to present a case about Gypsies in the Empire that
challenged the then accepted position of their secondary status in the
Turkish lands. Her analysis of the "firman of AH 1013-14 (AD 1604-5)
regarding Gypsies in the  Wester Balkans" (Journal of the Gypsy Lore
Society, 3rd Series,  volume 27, number , 1948, 1-12), has been the
basis of much  discussion (including our own), surrounding exactly what
this status  was in the 'classical' Empire - part of the complex ethnic
and  religious mosaic of Ottoman society, a taxable community with
responsibilities, or a marginalised pariah group, despised and
ill-tolerated.



Mr Slobodan Mitrovic (City University New York)

Desecrated monuments and parallel Balkan realities


This paper presents the series of events from the spring of 2004.
Several days after the events in Kosovo when Orthodox Christian churches
and monasteries were desecrated, the head of the museology department of
Military Museum in Belgrade in revenge broke to pieces two medieval
shehit nishans (authentic and rare type of Muslim soldier tombstones
from the Balkans), property of the museum. What once used to be called
Yugoslavia is still an unstable region with an inherent uncertainty to
it. An often heard and still largely undisputed description of pre-civil
war Yugoslavia is that the country was a conglomerate of Catholic,
Muslim and Orthodox populations living peacefully together. It was
rather a dictated uniformity which caused such a return of the oppressed
chauvinism and nationalistic narcissism. The war was a grim culmination,
and the ethical dilemma for me as a Serbian archaeologist is the wish to
open up the discipline to this backward globalization. Apart from being
repulsed by barbarism, I would also like to open up few ethical
questions that lie behind the project of preserving Balkan cultural
heritage - which is a part of my past.



Professor Harry Norris (SOAS)

Neglected corners of the changing Albanian culture, language and
identity, during the days of the travels and discoveries of the Haslucks
within the Balkans



We now know considerable more about the cultural life, particularly in
the evolving Albanian and locally used Arabic languages
(Aljamaido/Bejtexhinje), and vocabulary, of the Albanians in Kosovo
during the time of the Balkan journeys made by the Haslucks. A series of
original, yet, seemingly, important, works in Arabic have been published
in Cairo recently by the Kosovar, Dr Bakr Isma'il. Partly using these as
source material, a case will be made in regard to the true character of
Albanian Islam in the early years of the 20th century.



Dr Birgit Olsen

Folktales: the Cinderella of Greek Folklore?


The purpose of this paper is to analyse the very different roles two
genres of folklore have played in the creation of a national identity in
Greece. In Greece the study of the two folklore genres, songs and tales,
do not at all follow equal patterns. Until rather recently the interest
in tales has been very limited. Folktales were collected in the 19th -
early 20th century, along with other folklore material, but almost no
Greek scholars took any interest in them, and to the foreigners they
just served as material in the study of other branches, especially
linguistics. Songs, on the other hand, were much more seriously dealt
with. It is my hypothesis that this disadvantaged position of the
folktale within the field of Greek folklore is due to the fact that it
could not serve the same purpose in the creation of a national identity
and the construction of continuity to Ancient Greece, as could the
folksong.



Dr. Ali Uzay Peker

A  Pearl in Custody: Long Forgotten Symbolism in the Great Mosque and
Hospital at Divriði


The Divriði Complex (1228-29) has been on the Unesco World Heritage List
since 1985, one of the nine such from Turkey. Divriði, isolated in a
tiny town away from the major tourist and scholarly routes of Anatolia,
was once on one of the main caravan routes connecting the Black Sea
region to southeastern Anatolia. The portals, vaults, iwans and mihrab
of the building possess zoomorphic, geometrical and floral motifs that
connote meanings conceptualized in ancient Mesopotamian, Persian and
early Islamic cosmologies and later employed in tasavvuf philosophy and
sufî treatises in order to orient the natural phenomena in a hierarchy
of beings. This paper will interpret the ornamental motifs and
architectural forms of the building through cosmological, philosophical
and mythological concepts. The material throughout is based on the
findings of an ongoing research project at METU Department of
Architecture coordinated by the writer.



Professor Maurus Reinkowski (Freiburg University)

Conversion or Dissimulation? Crypto-Religious Groups in the Eastern
Mediterranean



Groups of 'hidden Jews' or 'hidden Christians' who converted to Islam
but in various ways held on to their former religion have been observed
in different regions of the Middle East. Although we can find many
descriptions of singular cases, no attempt has ever been made to
investigate in a comparative perspective into the circumstances under
which these groups emerged. Attention will be given to two aspects: From
the late 18th century onwards observers from outside, mostly European
diplomats, missionaries, travellers and so on, have 'detected' more and
more crypto-religious groups and described them in a way close to an
imaginary nationalism (i.e. an awakening from a dormant state).
Secondly, we may observe that in some cases pseudo-converters and (and
to a lesser extent) pseudo-converted manipulated religious identities in
order to create the potential of mediating between societal units.





Dr Lloyd Ridgeon (University of Glasgow)

Zurkhaneh: the cultural tranformation of an Iranian institution

The Zurkhaneh is an Iranian institution that is usually understood in
the West as a gymnasium in which specific Iranian physical exercises are
performed. It is possible to witness the zurkhaneh as a repository of
Shi'ism, Sufism and Iranian nationalism, and any combination of these
three. Naturally the leaders of the zurkhaneh have given preference to
one of these three elements depending upon the prevailing
socio-political forces, and this has meant that the zurkhaneh has
occasionally served as a very effective means by which to promote a
hegemonic culture. Since this ethic is claimed by Shi'ites, Sufis and
nationalists the zurkhaneh may be seen as symbolic of an essentialised
Iranian ethic. Some claim that the institution has a pre-Islamic origin,
but its popularity through the 16th-19th centuries is unquestioned. In
the modern age, the zurkhaneh seems to have declined somewhat, perhaps
as a result of Western influences (such as new sports, the growth of
feminism that attacks the patriarchaly that is epitomised in the zurkhaneh).



Professor Giovanni Salmeri (University of Pisa)

Local historiography in a cosmopolitan city: the case of Smyrna in the
last century of the Ottoman Empire



There is, I believe, no general study on the local historiography of
Smyrna in the 19th and the first two decades of the 20th century. Yet,
the local historians and antiquarians belonging to the various
communities of the city reflect very well its cosmopolitan character, as
also do their specific interests. In particular, the Greeks appear to be
involved in the investigation of ancient ruins and literary glories of
the city, especially Homer. In this paper special attention will be paid
to the works of the Greek C. Oikonomos, of B. Slaars, of Dutch origin,
of the Italian L. Storari, and of the Greek savants writing in the last
decades of the  Ottoman Empire.



Dr David Shankland

(Opening Remarks) Hasluck, Causality, and the Historical Record: five
years on.



In the five years that have past since the first Hasluck conference,
interest in relations between cultures, whether in terms of historical
interaction or contemporary trends has continued to increase. Partly
this is due to the obvious and tragic events of recent years: events
that make the research presented in our conference on relations between
Islam and Christianity all the more crucial. However, there is also a
sense that the separation between archaeology and anthropology that
chystalised during Hasluck's time to his disadvantage is being actively
reconsidered. I argue that this transition is more than a change in
style, but has fundamental and fascinating consequences for the way we
treat human societies and their relations with the past.



Dr Rustam Shukurov

Things and their Names: Oriental Borrowings in Byzantine Greek
(12th-15th Centuries)



It is commonly believed that Turkish linguistic influence upon the Greek
language stared after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the
collapse of the Byzantine state However, this assertion seems to be not
completely correct. In the present paper I examine some Oriental lexical
and idiomatic borrowings attested in Byzantine Greek as early as the
twelfth-fourteenth centuries. A long list of the borrowed Oriental words
relating to commerce, warfare, imperial court, everyday life and
household, found in Byzantine sources, substantiates my suggestion that,
in fact, the Turkification of the Greek language, in contradiction to
common beliefs, had started long before the time of Tourkokratia. My
objective is to make out the social and mental realities standing behind
these words and idioms, possibly to understand what particular spheres
of Byzantine life were open for foreign and, especially, Oriental
influences.



Dr Esra Danacýoðlu Tamur and Amed Gökçen

The Ezidis/Yezidis of Viranþehir



This paper is a comment on some findings of field work among the
little-known Ezidi community whose members are speakers of a Kurdish
dialect and followers of a syncretic and secret religion. Field work was
conducted in 26 Ezidi villages of the Viranþehir/Urfa region during thew

inter of 2003-2004. Turkey is one of the native-lands of the Ezidi
community, however only a few thousand Ezidis are remain as a result of
the emmigration of the community to European countries as workers and as
religious refugees. During this emmigration process, Ezidi-inhabited
villages have been evacuated, Ezidi properities have changed hands by
force and Ezidi material and non-material cultural heritage in the
region is becoming dispersed. It is clear that Ezidism is an endangered
culture in the process of transmission.



Mr Eisuke Tanaka (University of Cambridge)
Turks and Trojans: Turkish approaches to the Anatolian past


This paper will consider the role of the idea of place in  Turkish
approaches to parts of the past not straightforwardly associated with
"Turkishness". Specifically, it will look at the way in which Turkish
discourses associate the Trojans with Anatolian culture/civilisation
rather than with classical Greek antiquity. Many scholars have studied
the role of the past in constructing national/ethnic identity and the
implication of nationhood and ethnicity in the identification of the
past as "heritage". However, Turkey does not seem to offer a
straightforward case. There  are a huge number of archaeological and
historical remains, which are seen as "cultural heritage" that show the
existence of various groups of people from different periods in its
territory (such as Hittites, Greeks, and Romans as well as Turks).
Focusing on the role of the idea of place, this paper explore in what
way the diverse cultural heritage of Anatolia  is related to the
construction of Turkish national identity.



Dr Natalia Teteriatnikov

The Russian Institute in Constantinople and the Byzantine Institute of
America



The Russian Institute in Constantinople was founded as a political,
research, and religious Institute in the 19th Century.  Its major
contribution resulted in the study and publications of the topography of
churches and official buildings in the former Byzantine capital, as well
as excavation of the Great Palace. During World War I and the Russian
revolution of 1917, an American archaeologist, and a member of the Red
Cross, Thomas Whittemore helped evacuate Russian immigrants to Istanbul.
Whittemore helped to advise Kemal Attaturk in his decision to close St.
Sophia (and later other monuments) as a mosque and open it as a museum.
After his death in 1950, Dumbarton Oaks assumed responsibility of the
Byzantine Institute, and has played a crucial role in the preservation
of Istanbul's monuments.



Dimitrios Theodossopoulos, University of Bristol

The Greeks and Greco-Turkish cultural affinity: shared discontent with
Western Powers



Greek perceptions of the Turks, as these become apparent in local
contexts and political debate, are heavily stereotyped and often
articulate feelings of antagonism and mistrust. However, in everyday
conversations, the Turks also may be regarded also as fellow human
beings - people 'like oneself' - who share some similar cultural non
Western attributes and the same predicament of powerlessness in global
society. I explain this contradiction in terms of Herzfeld's (1997)
notion of cultural intimacy, a mutual self-recognition of shared
familiarity, embarrassment and pride. In this paper, I explore this
Greco-Turkish solidarity against the Western Powers and their perceived
dominance as this is revealed in the views of middle-class citizens in
Patras, a town in Southwest Greece.



Prof. Ayþýl T. Yavuz

Reused Material in the Divriði Great Mosque and Hospital


The use of materials from former buildings is almost natural to the
nature of built environment. Rome, being the largest quarry for building
material as well as burning for lime, is one of the better-known
examples. The built environment in Turkey is full of innumerable
examples of using former buildings as source of material. There are
several scholars who have specialized on the use of Roman and Byzantine
material, mostly because they are the easiest to identify and
differentiate. The use of less identifiable material has not been a
topic at all. The Divriði Great Mosque is an interesting and complex
case, which gives clues to utilization of re-used material that does not
belong to these more easily discernable periods.



Mr Rýza Yýldýrým (Bilkent University)

The socio-cultural background of the Qizilbash 'Heresy'



As Richard Tapper, Rudi Paul Lindner and others say, writing history of
illiterate nomads is a difficult task. It is not just because of the
obvious reason that they had left no recorded historical sources and,
hence, that all we can learn about them is through the prejudiced
records of sedentaries. With this in mind, my subject is the emergence
of Qizilbash 'Heresy' in the Ottoman Empire towards the turn of
sixteenth century. I will mainly dwell on the socio-cultural background
-'unconscious structures'- that leaded to the emergence of such a
rebellious and - according to the Ottoman ulema- 'heretic' (rafizi)
population in Anatolia. Living aside the political rivalry between
Ottoman Empire and Safavids, reached its peak in the battlefield of
Çaldiran, and the amplifying effect of 'highly polarized' ideological
atmosphere of that time, I will look at the historical background,
tracing back to the foundation of the Ottoman Empire, concentrating on
social and cultural -one can add economic and religious, as well-
structure of society.



Ms Zeynep Yürekli (Harvard University)

The Bektashi Network in the Sixteenth Century



The term 'Bektashi' came to denote a specific religio-social identity in
the sixteenth century, when various social groups in the Ottoman Empire
gradually united under that umbrella term.  This paper examines the
nature of the Bektashi network with the help of the two salient and
interrelated corpuses of Bektashi cultural output, namely hagiographies
and shrines.  The textualization of the hagiographies of Haci Bektash
and his dervishes in the late fifteenth century was immediately followed
by the enlargement and remodeling of associated shrines in the sixteenth
century.  The Bektashi network included the patrons, residents, and
certain visitors of the shrines who were familiar with the hagiographies.



SECTION THREE



DAY ONE



Saturday, 3rd November 2001







REGISTRATION                                                      2.00pm
- 4.15pm



TEA
        3.45pm - 4.15pm



(CONFERENCE OPENS)



WELCOME

AND OPENING REMARKS (DS)                          4.15pm- 4.45pm





PLENARY LECTURE                                              4.45.pm- 6.15pm



Professor Klaus Kresier ~ The Discovery of Anatolia





DRINKS PARTY                                                      6.15pm
- 7.30pm





DINNER
   7.30pm - 9.00pm





BAR OPEN
9pm onwards in

cellar



DAY TWO

Sunday, 4th November 2001





SESSION TWO





DIVIDE INTO PANELS                                           9.30am- 11.00am



(Six speakers in total: three in each panel)





Coffee
        11.00-11.30am





SESSION THREE





DIVIDE INTO PANELS                                           11.30am-1.00pm



(Six speakers in total: three in each panel)





LUNCH
    1.00pm - 2.30pm





SESSION FOUR





DIVIDE INTO PANELS                                           2.30-4.00pm





(Six speakers in total: three in each panel)





TEA
        4.00pm-5.00pm





SESSION FIVE
5.00-7.00pm



ROUND-TABLE ~ 'RUINS'





DRINKS SERVED FROM                                      7.00pm-7.45pm




DINNER
   7.45pm onwards



DAY THREE

Monday, 5th November 2001







SESSION SIX
11.30-1.00pm



(Six speakers in total: three in each panel)





SESSION SEVEN
2.30pm-4.00pm



(Six speakers in total: three in each panel)



TEA
        4.00pm-4.30pm



SESSION EIGHT
4.30pm-6.00pm

Six speakers in all (three plus three)



Drinks will be served at 6.00pm



SESSION NINE
6.30pm-8.00pm



FILM: Bektaþi - enter and see (2005)



Presented by Director: Elizabeta Koneska,

and Assistant Director: Valentino Dimitrovski

(Camera: Robert Jankuloski).



DINNER



DAY FOUR

Tuesday, 6th November 2001



SESSION TEN
9.00am - 10.30am



Six speakers in all (three plus three)



COFFEE
    10.30am-11.00am



SESSION ELEVEN



FINAL PLENARY LECTURE                                 11.00am-12.30pm







Summing up and closure.
12.30pm-1.00pm



Lunch and departure

Transport will be provided to the railway station.























































PRE-REGISTRATION  AND PAYMENT FORM





Anthropology, Archaeology and Heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia

or The Life and Times of  F.W. Hasluck (1878-1920)



SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

University of Wales, Gregynog, 6th-9th May 2006





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(Please note: the conference organisers will provide transport from
Newtown Station. The conference begins at 4.15pm on Saturday 6th May,
with registration from 2.00pm, and tea at 3.45pm. It concludes before
lunch on Tuesday 9th May: lunch to be provided before departure for
those who desire.)



PAYMENT FORM





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Payment for board and accommodation for the three days as follows,
(please tick)



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Wales Lampeter for a total of:



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information is necessary:



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Please debit my VISA/ACCESS            (Delete as appropriate)

account by a total of                              (Insert amount)





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Please return completed form and payment to Mrs Alison Johnston,
Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, 43
Woodland Road, BS8 1UU, UK. It may be faxed directly to the Department
on fax: 0044 (0)117 954 6001, or if by attachment electronically, to
David Shankland, DShankland1 at yahoo.co.uk who will pass on the completed
forms.





Please mark any cheques 'Hasluck conference' on the reverse.