[Discussion] Views of the 'outlaw concept' in comparative perspective:
Paksoy, Hb
hb.paksoy@ttu.edu
Thu, 10 Apr 2003 13:24:46 -0500
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Views of the 'outlaw concept' in comparative perspective: =20
'The American West' and the "Zeybeks in the Turk lands"
=20
H. B. Paksoy, D. Phil.
=20
West Texas Historical Association Annual Meeting=20
Lubbock, Texas 2003
=20
=20
We all, of course, know what 'law' is. And, the =
enforcement of it is usually handled by fearless men wearing stars in =
their eyes and on their waistcoats. Balasagunlu Yusuf (c.11th =
century)[1] and John Rawls (1921-2002)[2] equate law with justice, so =
does Marx (1818-1883); not Groucho (1895-1977), the other one, but in =
opposite directions. The debate is all about primacy: which comes =
first, the individual or the state? Which individual and what state? =
Whose rights, needs and prerogatives has the first call on law? =20
=20
Now that we have agreed on the meaning of law, we can discuss the =
outlaw; the person who breaks it. "Why did you do it, Slim?" asks the =
sheriff. "Because I could" replies the outlaw. It has been a few =
decades since I heard that dialogue, so I cannot recall the name of the =
movie or the names of the actor. But, it admirably serves as a =
benchmark for what is to follow: the depiction of the outlaw, even the =
concept thereof. =20
=20
Roy Rogers (1912-1998) of the Trigger[3] fame reminisced: Republic =
Pictures and some other studios have been making "Westerns for =
decades..... As one critic put it "there's more Westerin' in Hollywood =
today than there ever was on the Old Chisholm Trail." ....The plot =
typically involves little more than the triumph of law and order, =
decency, clean living...we give villains more than an even break, even =
on the draw...Before the final sunset fade-out scene we always have a =
wild chase, with a lot of shooting. The chief villain tries to make a =
getaway...I naturally get the last poke on the screen. Actually, I've =
been knocked out cold in three of those tussles. Most of my young fans =
like to think I'm a hard bitten cowboy from way back, and occasionally =
my more extravagant promoters have encouraged the notion. I've read =
reports that I was reared on ranches in such places as Montana, Cody, =
Wyoming, Texas and Arizona. The fact is that I was raised on a farm in =
a hollow up back of Duck Run, Ohio---and my great ambition until I was =
in my teens was to be a dentist. My name was Leonard Slye.[4]
=20
Of course, Roy Rogers was speaking as an actor, and not the raconteur. =
And, he scarcely paid attention to the archetypes he was creating. But, =
of course, he was right about the excesses, and the distortions. =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD Mehmet Efe (1872-1911), on the other hand, was also a =
product of the social conditions in his birthplace, in the Western =
portion of Asia Minor. His motives were as complicated or simple as =
those of any and the best the West Texas ever produced. =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD, too, had to have helpers and sympathizers among the =
general population, in order to evade law. At times, he may have been =
acting, for effect, but his actions directly involved his own life as =
well as those of his immediate circle. [5]=20
=20
The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the common denominators =
of two different but similar sets of worlds in the same timeframe.
=20
I. Causes: Why do individuals resort to actions considered to be beyond =
the bounds of law? Why become an outlaw? Briefly, we may contemplate =
the major causes: =20
1) When the law is stacked to favor only one segment of the society, to =
force an artificial stratification; as in creating a first class citizen =
category above the law, and the rest =20
2) When rules are made only by those who are in charge, to protect =
themselves and their possessions, in that society there is bound to be =
rebellion. Either in great or in small numbers. The Western outlaw =
may well be the individual example of this rebellion. =20
3) When the entire structure of a society has collapsed, as in the case =
of an invasion by a foreign army =20
4) Corruption; which is the attempt to subvert rules to obtain fast =
riches. =20
5) Ineffective or no law enforcement
6) Existence of an adventurer class, ready to test the limits, willing =
to risk their lives
In the case of Western Turk lands, the above conditions are very similar =
to those prevailing in the West.. =20
II. Terrain: The terrain is certainly one of the most =
critical elements in our story. The "American West' as we know it, is a =
desert. An unforgiving locality. But, it also can be friend to those =
who respect and honor it. The desert can hide the boot and hat clad =
outlaw, thereby saving him from his star toting pursuers intent on doing =
him serious hurt. On the Western portion of Asia Minor, especially =
where =C7ak=FDc=FD fearlessly tread, is mountaneous. And forested. =
In a unique way, both the high, cold, snow capped mountains and the hot =
flat boundlessly large desert have commonalities. Before the age of =
helicopters and space based satellite imagery, mountains, too, did hide =
outlaws. =C7ak=FDrcal=FD and his followers wore clothes unique to their =
environs and climate. They were pursued by law enforcement, local and =
national. These outlaws had their friends and supporters in the local =
and regional communities, and they even had international protectors. =
The last is a fact also not uncommon in the American West. One of the =
noteworthy outcomes is that, both sets of outlaws, when the time came, =
proved patriots. =20
=20
=20
III. Responses
=20
Naturally, both the law enforcement and the law breakers will respond to =
each other, until either the equilibrium is restored or one side =
decisively defeats the other. Or, we may look at it as a dynamic and =
never ending process. For every law enforcement move, there is =
certainly an outlaw countermove.
=20
We also need to remember the justice impulse so embedded in the two =
cultures presently under discussion. There is the "American Way" =
involving an understanding of even handed, common sense based justice. =
It may even be rough justice, sometimes meted out to law enforcement =
when they step outside the line to play both sides. The Turkish side =
also has a similar sense of justice, as displayed on numerous occasions =
over the past recorded millenium. The Zeybek practices were a =
continuation of that tradition of wrighting the wrongs.[6]=20
=20
The Zeybeks wore distinctive clothing to make certain that they were =
easily identifiable.[7] That, too, was part of the code of conduct of =
the Zeybeks. It was necessary for the general population to know, with =
certainty, that the Zeybeks were involved in meting out justice. That, =
in turn, ensured that the Zeybeks received help from the same populace =
when needed. =20
=20
The term, perhaps, is traceable to the 13th century. When a Turkish =
polity arrived in the western reaches of Asia Minor, they were =
referenced by the Byzantine sources in a fashion, as the lords of the =
seashore.[8] There were numerous 'justice' movements in the Eastern =
parts of the landmass, between the 13th and 19th centuries. It was not =
until the 19th century that the western reaches caught fire. There were =
a long list of reasons and culprits against to rail. And the Zeybeks =
did just that.=20
=20
But while the movement and the groups, collectively were known as =
Zeybek, the head of a group of Zeybeks had a special name: Efe. His =
word could not be contradicted, as the Efe bore the responsibility in =
enforcing the Zeybek rules. =20
=20
=20
=20
IV. Outcome
=20
Ideology is a straight-jacket, a frozen piece of idea, a filter to keep =
out whatever the person holds them does not like or deems harmful to =
himself.[9] Ideologies may also be applied to larger scale communities, =
for the benefit of a small group, at the expense of masses. The masses =
may be asked (or, indeed, forced) to bear the burdens while the smaller =
group enjoys a lighter load. This may be accomplished under the =
assertion of first-come-first-served, or, ownership of resources to the =
extent of monopoly. Land settlements follow this general (and, =
simplified) model in the West. Then, there is the ideology of might =
makes right: The cattle baron regards the water and land of his much =
smaller neighbor as his for the taking. And, when John Wayne saves the =
small neighbor, we all applaud and go home with a lightened heart and =
belief that justice has been served. All of the foregoing has to do =
with who the actors are, whether on the screen or in real life, and =
their identities.[10] Hence the roots of the ideas and ideologies of =
law and outlaw immediately visible to the outside observer. =20
=20
Of course, the successful outlaw had to have, among other attributes, =
charisma, and personal likeability. Let us take two examples:=20
=20
An Associated Press dispatch, dated Langtry May 27, 1901, read: "Judge =
Roy Bean (?1825-1903), notorious throughout western Texas and many times =
the subject of magazine articles, also known as 'The Law West of the =
Pecos' again distinguished himself last night by going through a Pullman =
car while the westbound Southern Pacific train was stopping at Langtry =
and, with a .45 caliber Colt in his hand, collecting from an eastern =
tourist thirty-five cents due for a bottle of beer. The tourist had =
bought the beer at the Judge's saloon but had rushed off without paying =
for it. Going through the car, Bean peered into each passenger's face =
until he found his man when he said, 'Thirty-five cents or I press the =
button.' He was handed a dollar bill and returned the correct change. =
As the Judge left the car, he turned to the aisle and said to the =
frightened passengers, "If you don't know what kind of hombre I am, I'll =
tell you. I'm the law west of Pecos." The passengers thought it was a =
holdup." At the time of this incident, Roy Bean was over seventy years =
old.
=20
Trains stopped long enough for thirsty customers to buy a bottle of beer =
at Bean's bar. The Judge, who also acted as bartender, hated to give =
change and he would delay until the engine had given a warning toot and =
if the passenger was displeased by the high price, he didn't linger to =
argue for fear he would miss the train. There was one exception---an =
Eastern dude who bought a bottle of beer and laid down a twenty-dollar =
gold piece. Bean slowly counted out $19 in change. 'What!' the =
customer shouted, 'a dollar for a bottle of beer!' and then he began to =
cuss. Bean yanked his six-shooter from under the counter and announced, =
'Court will come to order! I fine you $6.66 2/3 for public profanity; =
$6.66 2/3 for disturbin' the peace; $6.66 2/3 for contempt of court.' =
This, of course, accounted for the entire $20. Then, with a grand =
gesture, Bean concluded, "The beer's on me.'[11]
=20
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD Mehmet Efe did not consume alcohol, but was very fond of =
Turkish coffee. On one occasion, he was visiting a coffeehouse, and he =
was treated to a cup of the best. He took a sip, put the demitasse =
down, and bellowed to the owner: 'You know that I am one of the deepest =
of the Y=F6r=FCks[12]; we always drink it without sugar.' His voice had =
the unmistakable ring of 'how dare you?' The word got around; he was =
never served sweetened coffee again.
=20
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD and his entourage were visiting a good friend. They had =
sat down to a feast. At the end of their repast, the host challenged =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD to a shooting contest. =C7ak=FDrcal=FD, who had a =
reputation of being a crack shot, smiled gently. A few minutes later, =
the host repeated the request. Next, without waiting further for a firm =
answer, the host ordered his butler to suspend a coffee demitasse from a =
far tree branch by a piece of string, through its small handle. When =
that was done, the host invited =C7ak=FDrcal=FD to go first. =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD smiled again, and gave the first turn to his host with =
the words 'let us see if you have improved.' The host shouldered his =
gun, took aim, and pulled the trigger. The small demitasse shattered in =
the distance. =C7ak=FDrcal=FD seemed pleased and he urged his host to =
repeat the feat. The broken coffee cup was replaced at the same spot. =
The host straightened his barrel. A puff of smoke later, the second =
piece of china disappeared. By now =C7ak=FDrcal=FD was now laughing out =
loud. He said, 'go ahead, make it three.' Same procedure, same =
result. The host had shot the target three out of three. =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD slowly lifted his rifle, and asked his host: 'How about =
the string? Can you cut the string with your bullet? No response. =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD briefly aimed. Before the casing was ejected, the =
freshly tied coffee cup fell from the branch intact, due to the string =
holding it to the tree having been cut by =C7ak=FDrcal=FD bullet.[13]
=20
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD began his adult life early, having to earn a living. =
He did so by selling contraband tobacco. In those days, the tobacco =
sales were in the monopoly of Regie[14], a part of the debts =
administration.[15] So the farmer who grew the tobacco had to sell it =
to this monopoly at a low cost, only to buy it back at a more dear =
price. And then he had the right to roll it up. A group of individuals =
objected to the practice, and began selling it without the intermediary =
cut of the Regie. =C7ak=FDrcal=FD was one. When the enforcement =
division of the Regie began chasing him, he 'went to the mountain;' =
meaning, he formed his own close knit band. In the process, he was =
pardoned three times by the emperor, but was constantly harried by the =
local enforcement officials and returned to the mountains every time. =
He died during a shootout. =20
=20
The life =C7ak=FDrcal=FD led was not that of a freebooter, but part of a =
tradition that had strict rules. Those who adhered, and honored the =
process could count on the help and aid of their kinsmen and even the =
population at large. Those who did not could not survive long, and =
would lose their lives.[16] These rules included not doing any act that =
could be regarded as unjust to the general population. It was, of =
course, expected that the Efe would come to the aid of his aiders in =
their time of need.[17] Indeed, they did. On one occasion, =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD and his companions happened upon an elderly couple at =
camp on a mountain clearance. They were inconsolable. When =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD Efe inquired of the reason, they were barely able speak. =
It finally transpired that a rival group (of a different ethnicity) had =
kidnapped their daughter and abducted their sheep herd to boot. In the =
process, they declared themselves to be the =C7ak=FDrcal=FD troop. =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD Efe was incensed beyond belief, on several accounts. =
His good name and deeds were usurped. He gathered his men, and despite =
their exhaustion, marched them immediately. After an ardous and most =
urgent search, the impostors were spotted red handed, arguing about the =
distribution of spoils. In a manner that would have warmed the hearts =
of Randolph Scott[18] fans, =C7ak=FDrcal=FD Efe and his men staged an =
ambush and saved the daughter unharmed. The offenders were brought back =
to the camp of the elderly parents, along with their plundered goods. =
While they had a thankful reunion with their daughter, it is said that =
=C7ak=FDrcal=FD had a very large bonfire lit, and burnt every last one =
of the impostors. Similar deeds later were composed as songs by =
admirers. =20
Another Zeybek leader, Y=F6r=FCk Ali Efe, much later summarized the task =
and involvement of the major efe and zeybeks: "An individual, regardless =
of his courage and bravery, cannot claim he did a good deed for the =
population. He can only say that he had served his people." [19] He =
was speaking of confident humility born of experience. =20
_____ =20
[1] Balasagunlu Yusuf, Kutadgu Bilig (Istanbul, 1947-1949), Derleyen: =
Re=FEit Rahmeti Arat. English translation: Robert Dankoff, "Kutadgu =
Bilig: Wisdom of Royal Glory (Chicago 1983). =20
[2] John Rawls, A theory of Justice (Harvard ,1971); idem, Justice As =
Fairness: A Restatement (Harvard, 2001 )
[3] The name of his equally famous and, According to Rogers, very =
intelligent horse. =20
[4] Roy Rogers "Don't Shoot, Ma!" The American Magazine, Vol. CXLVIII =
(August, 1949) No. 2, Pp 131-132. cf. B. A. Botkin, Ed., A Treasury of =
Western Folklore (NY: Crown Publishers, 1951)
=20
[5] =D6zkul =C7obano=F0lu, The relationships between oral forms of =
folklore and mediated performances in the cult of =C7ak=FDc=FD Mehmet =
Efe (Indiana University M.A. Thesis, 1992)
=20
[6] That does not mean that in the process other wrongs may not have =
been committed. =20
[7] Akdes Nimet Kurat , 4. Ve 18. Y=FCzy=FDllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki =
T=FCrk Kavimleri ve Devletleri , (Ankara 1972) P.325 about Pe=E7enek. =20
[8] Salpakis > Sal Bey > Sahil Bey > Zeybek. Hikmet Ayd=FDn , =
Ayd=FDno=F0ullar=FD Tarihi Hakk=FDnda Bir Ara=FEt=FDrma (1946); Paul =
Wittek, Mente=FEe Beyli=F0i (Ankara,1944). Cf. Ozan Ruhsatio=F0lu =
www.turan.tc
[9] Michael Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory (Oxford, 1996)
[10] http://www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-7/ H.B. Paksoy, =
Identities: How Governed, Who Pays? (Lawrence, KS: Carrie, 2001)
[11] B. A. Botkin, Ed., A Treasury of Western Folklore.
[12] For the present purposes, a subdivisional unit of the Turkmen =
confederation. See also http://www.spongobongo.com/zy9952.htm =
<http://www.spongobongo.com/zy9952.htm%20H.B> H.B. Paksoy, Basmachi =
Movement and Z. V. Togan:
the Turkistan National Liberation Movement Cahiers d'Etudes sur la =
Mediterrane orientale et le monde turco-iranien No. 27, 1999. Pp. =
301-312. http://www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-6/cae12.html =
<http://www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-6/cae12.html%20H.B> H.B. =
Paksoy, Essays on Central Asia (Carrie, 1999)
[13] Halil Dural, Bize Derler =C7ak=FDrca: 19 ve 20. Y=FCzy=FDlda Ege'de =
Efeler. Yay=FDma Haz=FDrlayan, Sabri Yetkin Istanbul, 1999). The =
genesis of the epithet =C7ak=FDrcal=FD is explained therein.
[14] Societe de la Regie cointerese des de I'empire ottoman-Memalik-i =
=DEahane Duhanlar=FD m=FC=FEterek=FC'l Menfaa Reji =DEirketi. =20
[15] Stanford Shaw, Between Old and New,The Ottoman Empire Under Sultan =
Selim 1789-1807 (Cambridge,1971); idem, History of the Ottoman Empire =
and modern Turkey (NY, 1976-1977) 2 Vols.
[16] M. =C7a=F0atay Ulucay, 18 ve 19cu y=FCzy=FDllarda Saruhanda =
E=FEkiyal=FDk ve Halk Hareketleri (Istanbul 1955 )
[17] =DEeref =DCsk=FCp, Bozda=F0 Efe Efsanesi (Izmir, 1994)
[18] An actor specializing in 'good' Sheriff roles; distinguished by his =
portrayal of humane, likeable and compassionate lawmen.=20
[19] Y=F6r=FCk Ali Efe. Orkun Dergisi say=FD:51, 12 Ekim 1951
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<p class=3DMsoNormal><b><i><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Views of =
the
‘outlaw concept’ in comparative perspective: =
</span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><b><i><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>‘The =
American
West’ and the “Zeybeks in the Turk =
lands”</span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><b><i><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'> </spa=
n></font></i></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>H. B. Paksoy, D. Phil.</span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>West Texas</span></font> Historical Association Annual Meeting =
</p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>Lubbock</span></font>, Texas 2003</p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p style=3D'margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Arial Unicode MS"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>  =
; We
all, of course, know what ‘law’ is. And, the
enforcement of it is usually handled by fearless men wearing stars in =
their
eyes and on their waistcoats. Balasagunlu Yusuf =
(c.11<sup>th</sup> century)<a
name=3D"_ftnref1"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn1#_ftn1" title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[1]</sup></span></a> and John =
Rawls
(1921-2002)<a name=3D"_ftnref2"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn2#_ftn2" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[2]</sup></span></a> equate law with =
justice,
so does Marx (<font color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'color:black'>1818-1883);</span></font>
not Groucho (<font color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'color:black'>1895-1977)</span></font>,
the other one, but in opposite directions. The debate is all =
about
primacy: which comes first, the individual or the state? Which =
individual
and what state? Whose rights, needs and prerogatives has the first =
call
on law? </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Now that we have agreed on the meaning of =
law, we can
discuss the outlaw; the person who breaks it. “Why did =
you do
it, Slim?” asks the sheriff. “Because I could” =
replies
the outlaw. It has been a few decades since I heard that dialogue, =
so I
cannot recall the name of the movie or the names of the =
actor. But,
it admirably serves as a benchmark for what is to follow: the =
depiction
of the outlaw, even the concept thereof. </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Roy Rogers (1912-1998) of the Trigger<a =
name=3D"_ftnref3"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftn3#_ftn3" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[3]</sup></span></a>
fame reminisced: Republic Pictures and some other studios =
have been
making “Westerns for decades….. As one critic put it
“there’s more Westerin’ in </span></font>Hollywood =
today than
there ever was on the Old Chisholm Trail.” ….The =
plot
typically involves little more than the triumph of law and order, =
decency,
clean living…we give villains more than an even break, even on the
draw…Before the final sunset fade-out scene we always have a wild =
chase,
with a lot of shooting. The chief villain tries to make a
getaway…I naturally get the last poke on the screen. =
Actually,
I’ve been knocked out cold in three of those tussles. Most =
of my
young fans like to think I’m a hard bitten cowboy from way back, =
and
occasionally my more extravagant promoters have encouraged the
notion. I’ve read reports that I was reared on ranches =
in
such places as Montana, Cody, Wyoming, Texas and Arizona. =
The fact
is that I was raised on a farm in a hollow up back of Duck Run, =
Ohio---and my
great ambition until I was in my teens was to be a dentist. My =
name was
Leonard Slye.<a name=3D"_ftnref4"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn4#_ftn4" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[4]</sup></span></a></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Of course, Roy Rogers was speaking as =
an actor,
and not the raconteur. And, he scarcely paid attention to the =
archetypes
he was creating. But, of course, he was right about the excesses, =
and the
distortions. </span></font><span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
Mehmet Efe (1872-1911), on the other hand, was also a product of the =
social
conditions in his birthplace, in the Western portion of Asia =
Minor.
His motives were as complicated or simple as those of any and the best =
the West
Texas ever produced. <span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD, too, =
had
to have helpers and sympathizers among the general population, in order =
to
evade law. At times, he may have been acting, for effect, =
but his
actions directly involved his own life as well as those of his immediate
circle. <a name=3D"_ftnref5"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn5#_ftn5" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[5]</sup></span></a> </p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The purpose of this paper is to explore some =
of the
common denominators of two different but similar sets of worlds in the =
same
timeframe.</span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>I. <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:
italic'>Causes</span></i></b>: Why do individuals resort to actions =
considered
to be beyond the bounds of law? Why become an outlaw? =
Briefly,
we may contemplate the major causes: </span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>1) When the law is stacked to favor only =
one
segment of the society, to force an artificial stratification; as in =
creating a
first class citizen category above the law, and the rest =
</span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>2) When rules are made only by those who =
are in
charge, to protect themselves and their possessions, in that society =
there is
bound to be rebellion. Either in great or in small =
numbers.
The Western outlaw may well be the individual example of this =
rebellion.
</span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>3) When the entire structure of a society =
has
collapsed, as in the case of an invasion by a foreign army =
</span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>4) Corruption; which is the attempt to =
subvert
rules to obtain fast riches. </span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5) Ineffective or no law =
enforcement</span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'>6) Existence of an adventurer class, =
ready to
test the limits, willing to risk their lives</span></font></p>
<p style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>In the case of =
Western
Turk lands, the above conditions are very similar to those prevailing in =
the
West.. </span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman"'>  =
;
II. <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Terrain</span></i></b>:
The terrain is certainly one of the most critical elements in our =
story.
The “American West’ as we know it, is a desert. An
unforgiving locality. But, it also can be friend to those =
who
respect and honor it. The desert can hide the boot and hat =
clad
outlaw, thereby saving him from his star toting pursuers intent on doing =
him serious
hurt. On the Western portion of </span></font><font
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span style=3D'font-family:"Times New =
Roman"'>Asia Minor</span></font><font
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>, =
especially
where </span></font><font face=3D"Times New Roman"><span lang=3DTR
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>=C7</span></font><font
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span style=3D'font-family:"Times New =
Roman"'>ak</span></font><font
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span lang=3DTR style=3D'font-family:"Times New =
Roman"'>=FD</span></font><font
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span style=3D'font-family:"Times New =
Roman"'>c=FD
fearlessly tread, is mountaneous. And forested. =
In a
unique way, both the high, cold, snow capped mountains and the hot flat
boundlessly large desert have commonalities. Before the age of
helicopters and space based satellite imagery, mountains, too, did hide
outlaws. </span></font><font face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
lang=3DTR
style=3D'font-family:"Times New =
Roman"'>=C7ak=FDrcal=FD</span></font><span
lang=3DTR> </span><font face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Times New Roman"'>and
his followers wore clothes unique to their environs and climate. =
They
were pursued by law enforcement, local and national. These outlaws =
had
their friends and supporters in the local and regional communities, and =
they
even had international protectors. The last is a fact also not =
uncommon
in the American West. One of the noteworthy outcomes is that, both =
sets
of outlaws, when the time came, proved patriots. =
</span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'>  =
;
</span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>III. <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic'>Responses</span></i></b></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Naturally, both the law enforcement and the =
law
breakers will respond to each other, until either the equilibrium is =
restored
or one side decisively defeats the other. Or, we may look at =
it as
a dynamic and never ending process. For every law =
enforcement move,
there is certainly an outlaw countermove.</span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>We also need to remember the justice impulse =
so
embedded in the two cultures presently under discussion. There is the =
“</span></font>American
Way” involving an understanding of even handed, common sense =
based
justice. It may even be rough justice, sometimes meted out to law
enforcement when they step outside the line to play both sides. =
The
Turkish side also has a similar sense of justice, as displayed on =
numerous
occasions over the past recorded millenium. The Zeybek practices =
were a
continuation of that tradition of wrighting the wrongs.<a =
name=3D"_ftnref6"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftn6#_ftn6" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[6]</sup></span></a>
</p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The Zeybeks wore distinctive clothing to make =
certain
that they were easily identifiable.<a name=3D"_ftnref7"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftn7#_ftn7"
title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[7]</sup></span></a> That,
too, was part of the code of conduct of the Zeybeks. It was =
necessary for
the general population to know, with certainty, that the Zeybeks were =
involved
in meting out justice. That, in turn, ensured that the Zeybeks =
received
help from the same populace when needed. </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The term, perhaps, is traceable to the =
13<sup>th</sup>
century. When a Turkish polity arrived in the western reaches of =
</span></font>Asia
Minor, they were referenced by the Byzantine sources in a fashion, as =
the
lords of the seashore.<a name=3D"_ftnref8"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn8#_ftn8" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[8]</sup></span></a> There =
were
numerous ‘justice’ movements in the Eastern parts of the =
landmass,
between the 13<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries. It was =
not
until the 19<sup>th</sup> century that the western reaches caught =
fire.
There were a long list of reasons and culprits against to rail. =
And the
Zeybeks did just that. </p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>But while the movement and the groups, =
collectively
were known as Zeybek, the head of a group of Zeybeks had a special name:
Efe. His word could not be contradicted, as the Efe bore the
responsibility in enforcing the Zeybek rules. </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><b><i><font size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic'> </span></font></i></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><b><font size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:bold'> </span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>IV. <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic'>Outcome</span></i></b></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Ideology is a straight-jacket, a frozen piece =
of idea,
a filter to keep out whatever the person holds them does not like or =
deems
harmful to himself.<a name=3D"_ftnref9"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn9#_ftn9" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[9]</sup></span></a> Ideologies =
may also
be applied to larger scale communities, for the benefit of a small =
group, at
the expense of masses. The masses may be asked (or, indeed, =
forced)
to bear the burdens while the smaller group enjoys a lighter load. =
This
may be accomplished under the assertion of first-come-first-served, or,
ownership of resources to the extent of monopoly. Land settlements =
follow
this general (and, simplified) model in the West. Then, =
there is
the ideology of might makes right: The cattle baron regards the =
water and
land of his much smaller neighbor as his for the taking. =
And, when
John Wayne saves the small neighbor, we all applaud and go home with a
lightened heart and belief that justice has been served. All of =
the
foregoing has to do with who the actors are, whether on the screen or in =
real
life, and their identities.<a name=3D"_ftnref10"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftn10#_ftn10"
title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[10]</sup></span></a>
Hence the roots of the ideas and ideologies of law and outlaw =
immediately
visible to the outside observer. </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Of course, the successful outlaw had to have, =
among
other attributes, charisma, and personal likeability. Let us =
take
two examples: </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>An Associated Press dispatch, dated Langtry =
May 27,
1901, read: “Judge Roy Bean (?1825-1903), notorious =
throughout
western Texas and many times the subject of magazine articles, also =
known as
‘The Law West of the Pecos’ again distinguished himself last =
night
by going through a Pullman car while the westbound Southern Pacific =
train was
stopping at Langtry and, with a .45 caliber Colt in his hand, collecting =
from
an eastern tourist thirty-five cents due for a bottle of beer. The
tourist had bought the beer at the Judge’s saloon but had rushed =
off
without paying for it. Going through the car, Bean peered into =
each
passenger’s face until he found his man when he said, =
‘Thirty-five
cents or I press the button.’ He was handed a dollar bill =
and
returned the correct change. As the Judge left the car, he turned =
to the
aisle and said to the frightened passengers, “If you don’t =
know
what kind of hombre I am, I’ll tell you. I’m the law =
west of </span></font>Pecos.”
The passengers thought it was a holdup.” At the time of this
incident, Roy Bean was over seventy years old.</p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Trains stopped long enough for thirsty =
customers to
buy a bottle of beer at Bean’s bar. The Judge, who also =
acted as
bartender, hated to give change and he would delay until the engine had =
given a
warning toot and if the passenger was displeased by the high price, he
didn’t linger to argue for fear he would miss the train. =
There was
one exception---an Eastern dude who bought a bottle of beer and laid =
down a
twenty-dollar gold piece. Bean slowly counted out $19 in =
change.
‘What!’ the customer shouted, ‘a dollar for a bottle =
of
beer!’ and then he began to cuss. Bean yanked his =
six-shooter
from under the counter and announced, ‘Court will come to =
order! I
fine you $6.66 2/3 for public profanity; $6.66 2/3 for disturbin’ =
the
peace; $6.66 2/3 for contempt of court.’ This, of course, =
accounted
for the entire $20. Then, with a grand gesture, Bean concluded,
“The beer’s on me.’<a name=3D"_ftnref11"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftn11#_ftn11" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[11]</sup></span></a></span></font></p>=
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
lang=3DTR style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD Mehmet Efe =
did not
consume alcohol, but was very fond of Turkish coffee. On one =
occasion, he
was visiting a coffeehouse, and he was treated to a cup of the
best. He took a sip, put the demitasse down, and bellowed to =
the
owner: ‘You know that I am one of the deepest of the =
Y=F6r=FCks<a
name=3D"_ftnref12"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn12#_ftn12" title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[12]</sup></span></a>; we always drink =
it
without sugar.’ His voice had the unmistakable ring of =
‘how
dare you?’ The word got around; he was never served =
sweetened
coffee again.</font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
lang=3DTR style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD and his =
entourage
were visiting a good friend. They had sat down to a feast. =
At the
end of their repast, the host challenged </font><span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
to a shooting contest. <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD,
who had a reputation of being a crack shot, smiled gently. A few =
minutes
later, the host repeated the request. Next, without waiting =
further for a
firm answer, the host ordered his butler to suspend a coffee demitasse =
from a
far tree branch by a piece of string, through its small handle. =
When that
was done, the host invited <span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD to go
first. <span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD smiled again, and
gave the first turn to his host with the words ‘let us see =
if you
have improved.’ The host shouldered his gun, took aim, and =
pulled
the trigger. The small demitasse shattered in the distance. =
<span
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD seemed pleased and he urged his host to
repeat the feat. The broken coffee cup was replaced at the =
same
spot. The host straightened his barrel. A puff of smoke =
later, the
second piece of china disappeared. By now <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
was now laughing out loud. He said, ‘go ahead, make it
three.’ Same procedure, same result. The host =
had shot
the target three out of three. <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
slowly lifted his rifle, and asked his host: ‘How about the =
string?
Can you cut the string with your bullet? No response. <span
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD briefly aimed. Before the casing =
was
ejected, the freshly tied coffee cup fell from the branch intact, due to =
the
string holding it to the tree having been cut by <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
bullet.<a name=3D"_ftnref13"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn13#_ftn13" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[13]</sup></span></a></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
lang=3DTR style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD began his =
adult
life early, having to earn a living. He did so by selling
contraband tobacco. In those days, the tobacco sales were in the =
monopoly
of Regie<a name=3D"_ftnref14"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn14#_ftn14" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[14]</sup></span></a>, a part of the =
debts
administration.<a name=3D"_ftnref15"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn15#_ftn15" =
title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[15]</sup></span></a> So the =
farmer who
grew the tobacco had to sell it to this monopoly at a low cost, only to =
buy it
back at a more dear price. And then he had the right to roll it =
up.
A group of individuals objected to the practice, and began selling it =
without
the intermediary cut of the Regie. </font><span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
was one. When the enforcement division of the Regie began =
chasing
him, he ‘went to the mountain;’ meaning, he formed his =
own
close knit band. In the process, he was pardoned three times by =
the
emperor, but was constantly harried by the local enforcement officials =
and
returned to the mountains every time. He died during a =
shootout. </p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>The life </span></font><span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
led was not that of a freebooter, but part of a tradition that had =
strict
rules. Those who adhered, and honored the process could count on =
the help
and aid of their kinsmen and even the population at large. Those =
who
did not could not survive long, and would lose their lives.<a
name=3D"_ftnref16"></a><a href=3D"#_ftn16#_ftn16" title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[16]</sup></span></a> These =
rules
included not doing any act that could be regarded as unjust to the =
general
population. It was, of course, expected that the Efe would come to =
the
aid of his aiders in their time of need.<a name=3D"_ftnref17"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftn17#_ftn17" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[17]</sup></span></a>
Indeed, they did. On one occasion, <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
and his companions happened upon an elderly couple at camp on a mountain
clearance. They were inconsolable. When <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
Efe inquired of the reason, they were barely able speak. It =
finally
transpired that a rival group (of a different ethnicity) had kidnapped =
their
daughter and abducted their sheep herd to boot. In the =
process,
they declared themselves to be the <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
troop. <span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD Efe was =
incensed
beyond belief, on several accounts. His good name and deeds were
usurped. He gathered his men, and despite their exhaustion, =
marched them
immediately. After an ardous and most urgent search, the impostors =
were
spotted red handed, arguing about the distribution of spoils. In a =
manner
that would have warmed the hearts of Randolph Scott<a =
name=3D"_ftnref18"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftn18#_ftn18" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[18]</sup></span></a>
fans, <span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD Efe and his men staged an =
ambush
and saved the daughter unharmed. The offenders were brought back =
to the
camp of the elderly parents, along with their plundered goods. =
While they
had a thankful reunion with their daughter, it is said that <span =
lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD
had a very large bonfire lit, and burnt every last one of the
impostors. Similar deeds later were composed as songs =
by
admirers. </p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><font size=3D3 =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>Another Zeybek leader, Y</span></font><span =
lang=3DTR>=F6r=FCk
</span>Ali Efe, much later summarized the task and involvement of the =
major efe
and zeybeks: “An individual, regardless of his courage and =
bravery,
cannot claim he did a good deed for the population. He can =
only say
that he had served his people.” <a name=3D"_ftnref19"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftn19#_ftn19" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[19]</sup></span></a>
He was speaking of confident humility born of experience. </p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:
12.0pt'><br clear=3Dall>
</span></font></p>
<div class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D3 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=3D1 width=3D"33%" align=3Dleft>
</span></font></div>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><a =
name=3D"_ftn1"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftnref1#_ftnref1" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[1]</sup></span></a>
Balasagunlu Yusuf, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Kutadgu
Bilig</span></i></b> (Istanbul, 1947-1949), Derleyen: Re<span =
lang=3DTR>=FE</span>it
Rahmeti Arat. English translation: Robert Dankoff, =
“<b><i><span
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Kutadgu Bilig: Wisdom of =
Royal Glory</span></i></b>
(Chicago 1983). </p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><a =
name=3D"_ftn2"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftnref2#_ftnref2" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[2]</sup></span></a>
John Rawls, <b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>A =
theory of
Justice</span></i></b> (Harvard ,1971); idem, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:
bold;font-style:italic'>Justice As Fairness: A =
Restatement</span></i></b>
(Harvard, 2001 )</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><a =
name=3D"_ftn3"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftnref3#_ftnref3" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[3]</sup></span></a>
The name of his equally famous and, According to Rogers, very =
intelligent
horse. </p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><a =
name=3D"_ftn4"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftnref4#_ftnref4" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[4]</sup></span></a>
Roy Rogers “Don’t Shoot, Ma!” The American =
Magazine,
Vol. CXLVIII (August, 1949) No. 2, Pp 131-132. cf. B. A. Botkin, =
Ed., <b><i><span
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>A Treasury of Western =
Folklore</span></i></b>
(NY: Crown Publishers, 1951)</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><font size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:.5in'><a name=3D"_ftn5"></a><a
href=3D"#_ftnref5#_ftnref5" title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[5]</sup></span></a>
<span lang=3DTR>=D6</span>zkul =C7obano=F0lu, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic'>The relationships between oral forms of folklore and
mediated performances in the cult of =C7ak=FDc=FD Mehmet Efe</span></i> =
</b> (Indiana
University M.A. Thesis, 1992)</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><font size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'> </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn6"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref6#_ftnref6"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[6]</sup></span></a> =
That does
not mean that in the process other wrongs may not have been =
committed. </p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn7"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref7#_ftnref7"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[7]</sup></span></a> =
Akdes Nimet
Kurat <b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>, 4. Ve =
18.
Y=FCzy=FDllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki T=FCrk Kavimleri ve =
Devletleri</span></i></b>
, (Ankara 1972) P.325 about Pe=E7enek. </p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn8"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref8#_ftnref8"
title=3D""><span =
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[8]</sup></span></a>
Salpakis > Sal Bey > Sahil Bey > =
Zeybek.
Hikmet Ayd=FDn , <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Ayd=FDno=F0ullar=FD
Tarihi Hakk=FDnda Bir Ara=FEt=FDrma</span></i></b> (1946); Paul Wittek,
<b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Mente=FEe
Beyli=F0i</span></i></b> (Ankara,1944). Cf. Ozan Ruhsatio=F0lu
www.turan.tc</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn9"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref9#_ftnref9"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[9]</sup></span></a> =
Michael
Freeden,<b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'> =
Ideologies and
Political Theory </span></i></b>(Oxford, 1996)</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn10"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref10#_ftnref10"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[10]</sup></span></a> =
<span
lang=3DTR><a =
href=3D"http://www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-7/">http://www.ku.edu/~ib=
etext/texts/paksoy-7/</a>
H.B. Paksoy, </span><b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Identities:
How Governed, Who Pays</span></i>? </b>(Lawrence, KS: Carrie, 2001)</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn11"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref11#_ftnref11"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[11]</sup></span></a> =
B. A.
Botkin, Ed., <b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>A =
Treasury
of Western Folklore.</span></i></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn12"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref12#_ftnref12"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[12]</sup></span></a> =
For the
present purposes, a subdivisional unit of the Turkmen =
confederation. See
also <a =
href=3D"http://www.spongobongo.com/zy9952.htm%20H.B">http://www.spongobon=
go.com/zy9952.htm
H.B</a>. Paksoy, Basmachi Movement and Z. V. Togan:<br>
the Turkistan National Liberation Movement <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic'>Cahiers d'Etudes sur la Mediterrane orientale et le =
monde
turco-iranien</span></i></b> No. 27, 1999. Pp. 301-312. <a
href=3D"http://www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-6/cae12.html%20H.B">http:=
//www.ku.edu/~ibetext/texts/paksoy-6/cae12.html
H.B</a>. Paksoy, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Essays
on </span></i></b><b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Central
Asia</span></i></b> (Carrie, 1999)</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn13"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref13#_ftnref13"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[13]</sup></span></a> =
Halil
Dural, <b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Bize =
Derler
=C7ak=FDrca: 19 ve 20. Y=FCzy=FDlda Ege’de =
Efeler.</span></i></b>
Yay=FDma Haz=FDrlayan, Sabri Yetkin Istanbul, 1999). The genesis =
of
the epithet <span lang=3DTR>=C7</span>ak=FDrcal=FD is explained =
therein.</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn14"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref14#_ftnref14"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[14]</sup></span></a> =
<font
color=3Dblack><span style=3D'color:black'>Societe de la Regie cointerese =
des de
I'empire <b><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>ottoman</span></b>-Memalik-i
=DEahane Duhanlar=FD m=FC=FEterek=FC'l Menfaa <b><span =
style=3D'font-weight:
bold'>Reji</span></b> =DEirketi. </span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn15"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref15#_ftnref15"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[15]</sup></span></a> =
Stanford
Shaw, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Between Old
and New,The Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Selim 1789-1807</span></i></b>
(Cambridge,1971); idem, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>History
of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey</span></i></b> (NY, 1976-1977) 2 =
Vols.</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn16"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref16#_ftnref16"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[16]</sup></span></a> =
M.
=C7a=F0atay Ulucay, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>18
ve 19cu y=FCzy=FDllarda Saruhanda E=FEkiyal=FDk ve Halk =
Hareketleri</span></i></b>
(Istanbul 1955 )</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn17"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref17#_ftnref17"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[17]</sup></span></a> =
<span
lang=3DTR>=DE</span>eref =DCsk=FCp, <b><i><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic'>Bozda=F0 Efe Efsanesi</span></i></b> (Izmir, =
1994)</p>
<p class=3DMsoFootnoteText><a name=3D"_ftn18"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref18#_ftnref18"
title=3D""><span class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[18]</sup></span></a> =
An actor
specializing in ‘good’ Sheriff roles; distinguished by his
portrayal of humane, likeable and compassionate lawmen. </p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><a name=3D"_ftn19"></a><a =
href=3D"#_ftnref19#_ftnref19" title=3D""><span
class=3DMsoFootnoteReference><sup>[19]</sup></span></a> Y<span =
lang=3DTR>=F6r=FCk </span>Ali
Efe. <b><i><span style=3D'font-weight:bold;font-style:italic'>Orkun =
Dergisi</span></i></b>
say=FD:51, 12 Ekim 1951</p>
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